{"id":3058,"date":"2024-12-18T12:41:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-18T07:11:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nuventureconnect.com\/blog\/?p=3058"},"modified":"2026-01-13T16:34:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T11:04:15","slug":"linux-process-tracing-tools-debugging-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nuventureconnect.com\/blog\/2024\/12\/18\/linux-process-tracing-tools-debugging-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux process tracing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Tracing a process in Linux is essential for debugging, performance monitoring, or understanding the behavior of a program. Process investigation in Linux is crucial for several reasons:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Troubleshooting<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When a system encounters issues, understanding which processes are running and how they interact can help identify the root cause of the problem. This is essential for effective troubleshooting and quick resolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Resource Management<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By monitoring processes, administrators can identify resource-intensive tasks and optimize system performance. This ensures efficient utilization of CPU, memory, and other resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Security<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Investigating processes helps in detecting unusual or unauthorized activities, which could indicate security breaches or malware. This is vital for maintaining the integrity and security of the system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>System Maintenance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Regular process investigation helps in maintaining system health by identifying and terminating unnecessary or rogue processes that may consume resources or cause instability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Forensics<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the event of a security incident, process investigation is key to understanding what happened, how it happened, and potentially who was responsible. This is crucial for forensic analysis and legal proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Here are some common ways to trace a process<\/strong>.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>strace <\/strong>(System Call Tracing)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Command: <strong>strace -p<\/strong><br>Purpose: Tracks system calls and signals made by a process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-90f2c8f4391f071c2d1f7fa1b86adee8\"><strong>strace -p 1234&nbsp; # Attach to a running process<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53ce8ae1307b155c2534d3127c5249d8\"><strong>[root@client2 ~]# strace -p 496<\/strong><br><strong>strace: Process 496 attached<\/strong><br><strong>restart_syscall(&lt;&#8230; resuming interrupted read &#8230;&gt;) = 1<\/strong><br><strong>epoll_wait(18, [], 6, 0)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = 0<\/strong><br><strong>write(3, &#8220;\\1\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0\\0&#8221;, 8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = 8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-05a9dd8cd5492fe94cba662c020c1c83\"><strong>strace ps&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # Trace the `ps` command<\/strong><br><strong>[root@client2 ~]# strace ps<\/strong><br><strong>execve(&#8220;\/usr\/bin\/ps&#8221;, [&#8220;ps&#8221;], 0x7ffe5539cf40 \/* 28 vars *\/) = 0<\/strong><br><strong>brk(NULL)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = 0x5592c9cc8000<\/strong><br><strong>arch_prctl(0x3001 \/* ARCH_??? *\/, 0x7ffe9b050230) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ltrace <\/strong>(Library Call Tracing)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Tracks library calls made by a process (e.g., printf, malloc).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5a34c7f1ca74645bbba13064a1fbec7b\"><strong>Command: ltrace -p &lt;pid&gt;<\/strong><br><strong>[root@client2 ~]# ltrace ps&nbsp; # To trace the library calls of ps command<\/strong><br><strong>__cxa_atexit(0x563e6802b9c0, 0, 0x563e68033f60, 0x563e68033f58)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; = 0<\/strong><br><strong>strrchr(&#8220;ps&#8221;, &#8216;\/&#8217;)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><br><strong>= nil&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>gdb <\/strong>(GNU Debugger)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Command: gdb or gdb \u2013pid=1234<br>Purpose: Debugs the process, allowing breakpoints, memory inspection, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cd864d1a2e4248b0ecfdd9293a15dd3d\"><strong>gdb &#8211;pid=1234&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; #To trace a process with id 1234<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>perf <\/strong>(Performance Analysis)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Monitors performance metrics like CPU usage, cache misses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7fc4e5b37dccf4b97757e2e604b3f91f\"><strong>perf record -p 33795&nbsp;&nbsp; \/\/Record stats of process 33795, Ctrl+C to quit<\/strong><br><strong>perf report&nbsp; \/\/To list the report<\/strong><br><strong>perf record -u apache \/\/To record stats of apache processes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>top <\/strong>or <strong>htop <\/strong>(Real-time Process Monitoring)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11497e3bd5543ae398e2b043ded7bbac\"><strong>Command: top -p &lt;pid&gt; or htop<\/strong><br><strong>Purpose: Provides a real-time view of resource usage (CPU, memory).<\/strong><br><strong>top -p 1234&nbsp;&nbsp; #Display usage of process 1234<\/strong><br><strong>htop&nbsp; # Interactive, allows filtering by PID<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>pidstat <\/strong>(Per-Process Statistics)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Reports CPU, memory, I\/O usage per process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ed304dcd8da61c7efeec7bf91b18ccc3\"><strong>Command: pidstat -p &lt;pid&gt; &lt;interval&gt;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b6b2f91c23a5778800f45a31610aa9f0\"><strong>pidstat -p 1234 1&nbsp; # Report every second<\/strong><br><strong>[root@client2 ~]# pidstat -p 33795 \/\/To display stats for process 33795<\/strong><br><strong>05:13:13 AM&nbsp;&nbsp; UID&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PID&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %usr %system&nbsp; %guest&nbsp;&nbsp; %wait&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %CPU&nbsp;&nbsp; CPU&nbsp; Command<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1d86eee663897020f6608bc559f87863\"><strong>05:13:13 AM&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 33795&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.00&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.00&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.00&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.00&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0.01&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0&nbsp; httpd<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>dmesg <\/strong>(Kernel Messages)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Tracks kernel messages related to the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b326282da3c08399ce00856ca3f3f4e3\"><strong>Command: dmesg | grep &lt;pid&gt; or dmesg -w<\/strong><br><strong>dmesg -w&nbsp; # Continuous monitoring<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ps <\/strong>(Process Status)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Provides detailed process information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-44e68c92a712374fe1bd075482984a9a\"><strong>Command: ps -p &lt;pid&gt; -o &lt;fields&gt;<\/strong><br><strong>[root@client2 ~]# ps -p 33795 -o pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem<\/strong><br><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PID&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PPID CMD&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; %CPU %MEM<\/strong><br><strong>&nbsp; 33795&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1 \/usr\/sbin\/httpd -DFOREGROUN&nbsp; 0.0&nbsp; 0.5<\/strong><br><strong>[root@client2 ~]#<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>bpftrace <\/strong>(eBPF Tracing)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Allows powerful custom tracing using eBPF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Use Cases of <strong>Linux process tracing<\/strong><br><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Performance Profiling<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>Analyze CPU usage, memory allocation, and I\/O performance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identify performance bottlenecks in applications or the kernel.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>System Debugging<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>Track system calls, function calls, and network packets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Debug kernel issues or application-specific problems without modifying source code.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-fd67ad0caf5a674bbad6b338367e2d21\"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Security Monitoring<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>Detect unusual activity like unauthorized system calls.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitor network traffic or file access for anomalies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Application Monitoring<\/strong>:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>Trace application-specific functions for performance and behavior analysis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Capture metrics like latency or error rates dynamically<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How bpftrace Works<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Scripts<\/strong>: bpftrace scripts define probes (e.g., function entry, system calls) and attach actions to them.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Probes<\/strong>: Common types include:\n<ol>\n<li><code>kprobe<\/code>\/<code>kretprobe<\/code>: Trace kernel functions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>uprobe<\/code>\/<code>uretprobe<\/code>: Trace user-space functions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>tracepoint<\/code>: Attach to predefined kernel tracepoints.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>usdt<\/code>: User-defined static tracepoints in applications.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>profile<\/code>: Collect samples at regular intervals.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Use Cases <strong>Linux process tracing<\/strong> in IT Infrastructure (like TechRise)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Monitoring Kubernetes workloads.<br>Debugging performance issues in containers or VMs.<br>Enhancing observability for distributed systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f933a7d26d176a18224bcb1a070aa9f1\"><strong>bpftrace -e &#8216;tracepoint:syscalls:sys_enter_* { printf(&#8220;%s\\\\n&#8221;, comm); }&#8217;<\/strong><br><strong>bpftrace -e &#8216;tracepoint:syscalls:sys_enter_open { printf(&#8220;%s\\\\n&#8221;, comm); }&#8217;<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>ptrace <\/strong>(Programmatic Tracing)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A system call in Linux that allows one process (the <strong>tracer<\/strong>) to observe and control the execution of another process (the <strong>tracee<\/strong>). It is commonly used for debugging, system call monitoring, and tamper detection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Use Cases for ptrace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1 Debugging: Core mechanism used by debuggers like gdb.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>2 System Call Tracing: Tools like strace use it to trace syscalls.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>3 Fault Injection: Modify registers or memory to test software resilience.<br>4&nbsp;&nbsp; Security Tools: Monitor or restrict certain actions of a process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>auditctl <\/strong>and <strong>ausearch <\/strong>(Audit Framework)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Purpose<\/strong>: Audits all system calls made by the process<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b549b606260ed7e1d32c6f26480ac2be\"><strong>auditctl -a always,exit -F pid=&lt;pid&gt; and ausearch -p &lt;pid&gt;<\/strong><br><strong>auditctl -a always,exit -F pid=1234<\/strong><br><strong>ausearch -p 1234<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-2d25fe96e2406896b1aac2b55c3da21c\"><strong>[root@client2 ~]# ausearch -p 33795&nbsp; \/\/Tracing an apache process<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;-  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-53cb141b89bf20ea3d2c411a976eb68e\"><strong>time-&gt;Fri Nov 29 05:59:49 2024<\/strong><br><strong>type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(1732877989.366:3523432): <\/strong><br><strong>proctitle=2F7573722F7362696E2F6874747064002D44464F524547524F554E44<\/strong><br><strong>type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1732877989.366:3523432): arch=c000003e syscall=61 success=yes exit=0 a0=ffffffff a1=7ffdc1809fa4 a2=3 a3=0 items=0 ppid=1 pid=33795 auid=4294967295 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm=&#8221;httpd&#8221; exe=&#8221;\/usr\/sbin\/httpd&#8221; key=(null)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>coredump <\/strong>for Postmortem Analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Purpose: Analyzes the core dump using gdb or apport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0f95595e363bd672676f64ad4efbc69b\"><strong>(ulimit -c unlimited) \/\/ to enable core dumps.<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-f7f64c25fc93eccc17d33daa62636eb4\"><strong>Start debugging: <\/strong><br><strong>gdb .\/segfault core.12345<\/strong><br><strong>Backtrace (show the call stack):<\/strong><br><strong>(gdb) bt<\/strong><br><strong>Inspect registers:<\/strong><br><strong>(gdb) info registers<\/strong><br><strong>Inspect variables:<\/strong><br><strong>(gdb) print variable_name<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These tools offer various levels of granularity for tracing system calls, library calls, performance, or debugging issues with a process.<br><br><a href=\"https:\/\/nuventureconnect.com\/contact-us\/\">Connect with our Linux experts<\/a> to know more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tracing a process in Linux is essential for debugging, performance monitoring, or understanding the behavior of a program. Process investigation in Linux is crucial for several reasons: Troubleshooting When a system encounters issues, understanding which processes are running and how they interact can help identify the root cause of the problem. This is essential for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":115,"featured_media":3062,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,32],"tags":[33,60],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Linux Process Tracing Tools for Debugging &amp; Performance Monitoring<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Linux process tracing is essential for debugging, performance monitoring, or understanding the behavior of a program.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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